Yu Young, Kim. 2012 . Japanese adverbial usage of “ － 的 (-teki)” ― Focusing on an adverbial form( － 的 ＋φ＋ modificand) of “ 比較的 Hikaku-teki” ― . Language Information . Volume 14. 31-59.
“ － 的 (-teki)” has often been called as an adjective verb in many theses and dictionaries until this time, but it has a unique form of adverbial usage(“-teki+ φ +modificand”, “stem form of adverbial usage”) as an adjective verb; an adjective verb usually does not have that form. To find the basis of this difference between “ － 的 (-teki)” and an adjective verb, I inquired into certain words which have the stem form of adverbial usage(“-teki+ φ +modificand”) by considering them in connection with their transition in Meiji and Modern Japanese. The results of this analysis are as follows:
There is a certain inclining to or a restriction on syntactic usage of “ － 的 (-teki)”, which is caused by the meaning of its stem. And this inclining or restriction causes the stem form of adverbial usage(“-teki+ φ +modificand”). For example, a restriction on syntactic usage of “ 比較的 Hikaku-teki” is caused by its meaning of stem, “ 比較 Hikaku”, and this restriction consequently leads to its deriving of the stem form of adverbial usage(“-teki+ φ +modificand”,e.g. ？金 が 比較的高 い ). Moreover, there are significant differences in the modificand of word class between above such “ 比較的 Hikaku-teki” which has the stem form of adverbial usage and the other “ － 的 (-teki)” which do not have the stem form of adverbial usage; the former prefers an adjective or an adjective verb to a verb as a modificand, but the latter is quite the reverse. And the former cannot be directly used as a predicate but the latter can be. Finally, if both of them are classified according to nature as an adverb, the former can be classified as a “sentence adverb” but the latter can be classified as a “state adverb. (Division of Studies on Cultural Expressions, Osaka University)
Key words ： 的 (teki), suffix, suffix of Chinese origin, adverbial usage ， stem form of adverbial usage( － 的 ＋φ＋ modificand)